the+girls+task+two

the girls

=
|| what topology means  -   the different types  || ||  What are topologies? What’s the difference between the types? ||   ======

=
|| LAN and WAN Basic network types  ||  LAN is local. WAN is the world wide one ||  What is the difference in creating a LAN and a WAN? ||   ======

=
|| Strategies for connecting computers  ||  Software and cables  ||  What are the individual functions of the software and the cables? ||   ======

=
   **1.** A network commonly used amongst learning environments are the school networks, where most programs and information available on the admin server is accessible by the students from their computers. Below is a bus topology. ======

=
 **2.** Computer Network Benefits      Some benefits of using a computer network are:          ======

=
 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"> ·   <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> sharring hardware - sharring resources such as hard drives, scanners, printers and other things with each computer on the network. ======

=
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"> ·        <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">  Facilitaion communication - being able to communicate with different people on the nwtwork via email, instant messaging, chat rooms, video telephone calls, wireless messaging, groupware and video conferencing. ======

=
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">  ·       <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Transferring funds - allows users to transfer money from one to another and then be able to access it from an ATM            ======

=
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> ·   Sharring data and information - you can easily access data from another computer within the network if needed            ======

=
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">·         <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">Sharing software - users can access programs that are on other computers within the network, (that they do not have) which is a huge help. ====== <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">

=
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">3. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">LAN = Local Area Network - school computers. WAN = Wide Area Network - the internet LANs are confined to rooms or a workplace such as offices and schools, where information cannot go any further than the computers connected to the network. WANs are networks wher information and data can be shared between users from across the world. This is usually achieved using the internet. ======

=
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**4.**       ====== > The client sends a request to a program at another site, which is the server. It is the data processing interaction in a program. > Peer-to-Peer is a type of internet network that allows users to connect with each other and share files, whilst using the same or similar programs, eg. MSN. >     <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">    <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">**5.** >      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">    **6.** >        <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**7.** The purpose of a network interface card (NIC) is to allow you to insert it in to your computer or other devices connected to the network, the NIC allows transmission of information to and from the computer or device connected to the NIC. - It increases the strength of the signal from the computer - It packages the data for transmission - It controls access to and from the network cable
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">   <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**Client/Server.**
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">   <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**Peer-to-Peer**
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**Star Topology**- each node of the network is connected to a central node with a point-to-point link in a 'hub and spoke' style, the central node being the 'hub' and the nodes that are attached to the central node being the 'spokes'– all data transmitted between nodes is sent to this central node, which is usually a device that retransmits the data to some or all other nodes in the network, although the central node may also be a simple common connection point without any active device to repeat the signals.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**Ring Topology** - each node of the network is connected to two other nodes in the network and with the first and last nodes being connected to each other, forming a ring – all data transmitted between nodes in the network, travels from one node to the next in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**Bus Topology** -         <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"> all of the nodes in the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has two endpoints (this is the 'bus', a.k.a. the backbone ) – data transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted through the common transmission medium and can be received by all nodes in the network.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**File server** - a computer in the network that provides a place for the shared storage of computer files (documents, sounds, photos, movies, images, databases, etc) that can be found by the other workstations.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"> **Print server** - a computer or device connected to one or more printers //and// to client computers though a network. C  an accept print jobs from the computers and send the jobs to the right printers.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">**Application server** - website or computer that makes software and programs available to other users.

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"> **8**. **Transmission media.** ·  **Twisted pair cable** – A twisted pair cable is a cable with one or more twisted-pair wires bundled together, each twisted pair wire consists of two separate copper wires that are twisted together they are all twisted together to reduce the noise made. ·  **Coaxial cable** –     A coaxial cable is a transmission media often called coax is a single copper wire surrounded by at least three other layers, which consist of an insulating layer, a woven or braided metal, and then a plastic outer coating. A coaxial cable can be used over a longer distance then a twisted cable, they are normally used for television cabling but not for computers because other cables like the fibre-optic cable transfer signals at a lot faster rate. ·  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> **Fibre optic** -     A fibre-optic cable consists of dozens or hundreds of thin glass or plastic strands they are a lot thinnner then the twisted-pair cable and the coaxial cable and they transmit signals at a lot faster rate and reduces the noise made. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif"> **9. Data transmission terms:** ·      ** Bandwidth **- Is the width of the communications channel, so the higher the bandwidth is the more data and information can be transmitted through the channel ·  **Baseband**- Is the communications channel that can only send one signal at a time ·  **Broadband**- Is the communications channel that has the ability to send multiple signals at one time. ·  **Simplex**- The transmission of data that only travels in one direction for example from a computer to the printer. ·  **Half duplex**- The transmission that only allows one way communication for example speakerphones. ·  **Duplex**- Is the transmission of data that allows both way communications like a telephone where both people can talk. 10. Network hardware for LAN’s:
 * **Hub**- Is a central point of a LAN network for all cables to link up to and communicate with each other.
 * **Repeater-** Is a device that can regenerate analog or digital signals that have been distorted from transmission loss
 * **Router**- A router is a device that forwards data packets from a gateway through at lest two different networks it determines the best pathway for the data to go between any two hosts
 * **Bridge**- Connects two LAN’s together or two segments of the same LAN
 * **Gateway**- A node on a network that serves as an entrance into another network and can act as a proxy server or firewall.
 * **Switch**- A device that stores the address of packets and uses simple logic to determine the correct address and send it down the right cable containing only that address.

**11**. A NOS/ networking operating system is the software the operates a local area network keeping it all under control and the communications between each computer working fine well and all organised

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif">  **12.** The most appropriate network operating system for Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer networks is Windows..


 * 13.** Network protocols are conventions that control the connection, communication, and data transfer between two endpoints. They can be called the rules governing syntax, semantics, and synch of communication. In other words, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection.

TPC/IP - these protocols relate to the internet. Eg, IP address SMTP – is the de facto standard for electronic mail. Eg, sending and receiving e-mails HTTP – the communications protocol for the internet. Eg, [|http://google.com] FTP – Internet standard that allows the upload and down load of files on the internet. Eg, myspace pictures
 * 14.**